Italia

Italy, is a country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands. Italy is located in the centre of Southern Europe, and it is also considered a part of western Europe. A unitary parliamentary republic with its capital in Rome, the country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland (Campione) and a maritime exclave in Tunisian waters (Lampedusa). With around 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union. Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures. In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy, the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, beginning from the classical era, Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy, Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy, while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively. An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC, which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People. The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula, eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe, North Africa and Asia. By the first century BC, the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural, political and religious centre, inaugurating the Pax Romana, a period of more than 200 years during which Italy's law, technology, economy, art, and literature developed. Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire, whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture, governments, Christianity and the Latin script. During the Early Middle Ages, Italy endured the fall of the Western Roman Empire and barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics, mainly in the northern and central regions of Italy, rose to great prosperity through trade, commerce and banking, laying the groundwork for modern capitalism. These mostly independent statelets served as Europe's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East, often enjoying a greater degree of democracy than the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe; however, part of central Italy was under the control of the theocratic Papal States, while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century, partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Angevin, Aragonese and other foreign conquests of the region. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration and art. Italian culture flourished, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths. During the Middle Ages, Italian explorers discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery. Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of trade routes that bypassed the Mediterranean. Centuries of rivalry and infighting between the Italian city-states, such as the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, left Italy fragmented and several Italian states were conquered and further divided by multiple European powers over the centuries. By the mid-19th century, rising Italian nationalism and calls for independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval. After centuries of foreign domination and political division, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1861, establishing the Kingdom of Italy as a great power. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Italy rapidly industrialised, mainly in the north, and acquired a colonial empire, while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation, fuelling a large and influential diaspora. Despite being one of the four main allied powers in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil, leading to the rise of the Italian fascist dictatorship in 1922. Participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat, economic destruction and the Italian Civil War. Following the liberation of Italy the country abolished their monarchy, established a democratic Republic and enjoyed a prolonged economic boom, becoming a highly developed country. Today, Italy is considered to be one of the world's most culturally and economically advanced countries, with the world's eighth-largest economy by nominal GDP (third in the European Union), sixth-largest national wealth and third-largest central bank gold reserve. It ranks very highly in life expectancy, quality of life, healthcare, and education. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs; it is both a regional power and a great power, and is ranked the world's eighth most-powerful military. Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and a member of numerous international institutions, including the UN, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the WTO, the G7, the G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Council of Europe, Uniting for Consensus, the Schengen Area and many more. The country has long been a global centre of art, music, literature, philosophy, science and technology, and fashion, and has greatly influenced and contributed to diverse fields including cinema, cuisine, sports, jurisprudence, banking and business. As a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to the world's largest number of World Heritage Sites (55), and is the fifth-most visited country.

Italia, oficialmente República Italiana (en italiano, Repubblica Italiana), es un país miembro de la Unión Europea, cuya forma de gobierno es la república parlamentaria. Su territorio, con capital en Roma, se divide en veinte regiones formadas estas, a su vez, por 110 provincias. Italia se ubica en el centro del mar Mediterráneo, en Europa meridional. Ocupa la península Itálica, así como la llanura Padana, la islas de Sicilia y Cerdeña y alrededor de ochocientas islas menores entre las que se destacan las islas Tremiti en el mar Adriático, los archipiélagos Campano y Toscano en el mar Tirreno, o las islas Pelagias en África septentrional, entre otras. En el norte, está rodeada por los Alpes y tiene frontera con Francia, Suiza, Austria, y Eslovenia. Los Estados de San Marino y Ciudad del Vaticano son enclaves dentro del territorio italiano. A su vez, Campione d'Italia es un municipio italiano que forma un pequeño enclave en territorio suizo. Ha sido el hogar de muchas culturas europeas como la civilización nurágica, los etruscos, los griegos, los romanos y también fue la cuna del Humanismo y del Renacimiento, que comenzó en la región de Toscana y pronto se extendió por toda Europa. La capital de Italia, Roma , ha sido durante siglos el centro político y cultural de la civilización occidental. Además, es la ciudad santa para la Iglesia católica, siendo el Papa el obispo de Roma y encontrándose dentro de la ciudad el microestado del Vaticano. El significado cultural del país se refleja en todos sus Patrimonios de la Humanidad, ya que tiene 55, el país con mayor número del mundo. Es el tercer país de la Unión Europea que más turistas recibe por año, siendo Roma la tercera ciudad más visitada.Otras ciudades importantes son: Milán, centro de finanzas y de industria, y, según el Global Language Monitor, la capital de la Moda; Nápoles, importante puerto en el Mediterráneo, capital histórica y ciudad más poblada del Mezzogiorno; Turín, centro de industria automovilística y de diseño industrial. Italia es una república democrática, forma parte del G7 o grupo de las siete más grandes naciones avanzadas del mundo y es un país desarrollado con una calidad de vida muy alta, encontrándose en 2005 entre las siete primeras del mundo. Es el país número 28 (informe 2017) en materia de alto índice de desarrollo humano. Es una potencia regional y mundial miembro fundador de la Unión Europea, firmante del Tratado de Roma en 1957. También es miembro fundador de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN) y miembro de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, del Consejo de Europa y de la Unión Europea Occidental. El país, y especialmente Roma, tiene una fuerte repercusión en temas de política y cultura, en organizaciones mundiales como la Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), el Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (IFAD), el Glocal Forum, o el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (WFP).