Cometas

A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch one astronomical unit. If sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures. Comets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. originate in the Kuiper belt or its associated scattered disc, which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. are thought to originate in the Oort cloud, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star. Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun from the Oort cloud by gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars and the galactic tide. Hyperbolic comets may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition. Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma (the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus) and the tail (a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun's light pressure or outstreaming solar wind plasma). However, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets. In the early 21st century, the discovery of some minor bodies with long-period comet orbits, but characteristics of inner solar system asteroids, were called Manx comets. They are still classified as comets, such as C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS). 27 Manx comets were found from 2013 to 2017. As of July 2019 there are 6,619 known comets, a number that is steadily increasing as more are discovered. However, this represents only a tiny fraction of the total potential comet population, as the reservoir of comet-like bodies in the outer Solar System (in the Oort cloud) is estimated to be one trillion. Roughly one comet per year is visible to the naked eye, though many of those are faint and unspectacular. Particularly bright examples are called great comets. Comets have been visited by unmanned probes such as the European Space Agency's Rosetta, which became the first to land a robotic spacecraft on a comet, and NASA's Deep Impact, which blasted a crater on Comet Tempel 1 to study its interior.

Los cometas son los cuerpos celestes constituidos por hielo, polvo y rocas que orbitan alrededor del Sol siguiendo diferentes trayectorias elípticas, parabólicas o hiperbólicas. Los cometas, junto con los asteroides, planetas y satélites, forman parte del sistema solar. La mayoría de estos cuerpos celestes describen órbitas elípticas de gran excentricidad, lo que produce su acercamiento al Sol con un período considerable. A diferencia de los asteroides, los cometas son cuerpos sólidos compuestos de materiales que se subliman en las cercanías del Sol. A gran distancia (a partir de 5-10 UA) desarrollan una atmósfera que envuelve al núcleo, llamada coma o cabellera, que está formada por gas y polvo. A medida que el cometa se acerca al Sol, el viento solar azota la coma y se genera la cola característica, la cual está formada por polvo y el gas de la coma ionizado. Fue después del invento del telescopio cuando los astrónomos comenzaron a estudiar a los cometas con más detalle, advirtiendo entonces que la mayoría tienen apariciones periódicas. Edmund Halley fue el primero en darse cuenta de ello y pronosticó en 1705 la aparición del cometa Halley en 1758, para el cual calculó que tenía un periodo de 76 años, aunque murió antes de comprobar su predicción. Debido a su pequeño tamaño y órbita muy alargada, solo es posible ver los cometas cuando están cerca del Sol y por un corto periodo de tiempo. Los cometas son generalmente descubiertos visual o usando telescopios de campo ancho u otros medios de magnificación espacial óptica, tales como los binoculares. Sin embargo, aun sin acceso a un equipo óptico, es posible descubrir un cometa rasante solar en línea si se dispone de una computadora y conexión a Internet. En los años recientes, el Observatorio Rasante Virtual de David (David J. Evans) (DVSO) ha permitido a muchos astrónomos aficionados de todo el mundo descubrir nuevos cometas en línea (frecuentemente en tiempo real) usando las últimas imágenes del Telescopio Espacial SOHO. Un caso reciente (28 de noviembre de 2013) de un cometa rasante del Sol que resultó volatilizado al aproximarse al Sol ha sido ISON que procedía probablemente de la nube de Oort. Las órbitas periódicas tienen forma de elipses muy excéntricas.