Ciencia

Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning knowledge) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy, which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape; along with the changing of natural philosophy to natural science. Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence. Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences. Science is based on research, which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products, armaments, health care, and environmental protection.

La ciencia (del latín scientÄ­a, ‘conocimiento’) es un sistema ordenado de conocimientos estructurados que estudia, investiga e interpreta los fenómenos naturales, sociales y . El conocimiento científico se obtiene mediante observación y experimentación en ámbitos específicos. Dicho conocimiento es organizado y clasificado sobre la base de principios explicativos, ya sean de forma teórica o práctica. A partir de estos se generan preguntas y razonamientos, se formulan hipótesis, se deducen principios y leyes científicas, y se construyen modelos científicos, teorías científicas y sistemas de conocimientos por medio de un método científico. La ciencia considera y tiene como fundamento la observación experimental. Este tipo de observación se organiza por medio de métodos, modelos y teorías con el fin de generar nuevo conocimiento. Para ello se establecen previamente unos criterios de verdad y un método de investigación. La aplicación de esos métodos y conocimientos conduce a la generación de nuevos conocimientos en forma de predicciones concretas, cuantitativas y comprobables referidas a observaciones pasadas, presentes y futuras. Con frecuencia esas predicciones se pueden formular mediante razonamientos y estructurar como reglas o leyes generales, que dan cuenta del comportamiento de un sistema y predicen cómo actuará dicho sistema en determinadas circunstancias. Desde la revolución científica, el conocimiento científico ha aumentado tanto que los científicos se han vuelto especialistas y sus publicaciones se han vuelto muy difíciles de leer para los no especialistas. Esto ha dado lugar a diversos esfuerzos de divulgación científica, tanto para acercar la ciencia al gran público, como para facilitar la compresión y colaboración entre científicos de distintos campos.